The use and misuse of leftover antibiotics: An investigation of people's practices and perceptions

Background: The misuse of leftover antibiotics poses a significant global public health challenge, contributing to the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. In Saudi Arabia, practices such as self-medication and the reuse of leftover antibiotics remain prevalent, presenting considerable health risks. This study investigates the behaviors and perceptions of individuals in Saudi Arabia concerning leftover antibiotic use, with a focus on factors driving misuse and levels of awareness regarding associated risks.Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative approach was used to collect data from 4,019 participants aged 18 and above via an online, self-administered questionnaire. Random sampling ensured representation across various regions of Saudi Arabia. Data analysis, performed using SPSS version 25, included descriptive statistics to summarize participant demographics and behaviors and inferential analyses (e.g., chi-square tests, logistic regression) to explore demographic correlations with antibiotic misuse.Results: The findings revealed that 44.19% of participants reported using leftover antibiotics, and 52.44% stored them for future use. Additionally, 47.45% had taken antibiotics without a prescription, while 39.02% perceived leftover antibiotics as safe for reuse. Although 61.03% of respondents were aware of antibiotic resistance, only 75.30% identified misuse as a contributing factor. Significant associations were observed between lower misuse rates and higher levels of education and older age. Cluster analysis identified a high-risk group characterized by frequent misuse and limited awareness.Conclusions: This study highlights the critical need for targeted public health interventions in Saudi Arabia to combat antibiotic misuse. Recommended strategies include educational initiatives, enhanced regulatory measures, and the adoption of digital tools to increase awareness of the dangers of leftover antibiotic use and promote responsible practices. Addressing these issues is essential to curbing the escalating threat of antibiotic resistance and protecting public health.