The Alzheimer's Dieases

Neurological diseases (NDs) are a major global health challenge, with the WHO ranking them as a leading cause of death. Dementia cases are expected to rise from 24.3 million in 2001 to over 81 million by 2040 due to aging populations. This review focuses on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), characterized by amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Advances in genetics, biomarkers, and imaging have improved early diagnosis and understanding of its mechanisms. Treatment strategies target symptoms, lifestyle changes, and emerging therapies like nanomaterials, immunotherapy, and drugs addressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Epidemiological studies highlight potential protective roles of cholesterol-lowering agents, hormones, and antioxidants, though trial results vary. Future research prioritizes preclinical phases, cellular mechanisms, and precision medicine. Despite progress, AD remains a complex challenge requiring sustained research efforts.