Exploring the Role of Bacteria in Concrete Repair and Durability: A Review of Bio-Concrete Innovations

Bacterial concrete, an innovative approach in construction materials, utilizes microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) to enhance the durability and strength of concrete. This process involves incorporating urease-producing bacteria, such as Bacillus pasteurii or Sporosarcina pasteurii, into concrete, which induces the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals that fill cracks and voids, thereby improving the material’s structural integrity. This review explores the mechanisms underlying MICP, the influence of various bacterial species, and their effects on the physical and chemical properties of concrete. Studies indicate that bacterial concrete can significantly reduce water permeability, enhance compressive strength, and improve resistance to chloride ion penetration, making it a promising solution for self-healing concrete structures. Additionally, the sustainability of bacterial concrete as an eco-friendly, cost-effective alternative to traditional repair methods is discussed. The paper also covers the challenges associated with the optimal use of bacterial species, their viability in concrete environments, and the influence of environmental factors such as pH. In conclusion, bacterial concrete represents a transformative technology for enhancing the durability and longevity of concrete structures, offering a sustainable approach to construction and repair.