Presence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Microorganisms in surface and underground water in Owo Metropolis

Microbial contamination in both surface and groundwater sources presents a significant public health concern (World Health Organization, 2020). This study aimed to evaluate bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns in water samples from various locations within Owo Metropolis. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate, characterize, and identify bacterial strains. Hemolytic activity was assessed to determine potential pathogenicity. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to evaluate the extent of resistance. Molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and plasmid curing, were employed to investigate the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance. A total of thirty-four (34) bacterial isolates were identified, with Bacillus spp. being the most prevalent. High bacterial counts were observed across all water samples. The isolates displayed varying levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics, with several strains harboring high-molecular-weight plasmids. Plasmid curing experiments indicated that antibiotic resistance in these isolates was plasmid mediated. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce the risks associated with waterborne infections and antimicrobial resistance in Owo Metropolis.