Mechanisms of Soil Salinity and Its Impacts under Climate Change: An Integrative Review of Physiological, Biochemical, and Agronomic Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Management

Soil salinity is a critical global issue that negatively impacts agricultural productivity, especially under the accelerating pressures of climate change. This review explores the mechanisms of soil salinization, focusing on the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to salinity stress, such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalances. It also examines the role of phytohormones, osmolytes, and antioxidant enzymes in enhancing plant tolerance to salinity. Agronomic strategies, including the use of soil amendments, advanced irrigation techniques, and microbial inoculants, are evaluated for their effectiveness in mitigating salinity's adverse effects. The review emphasizes the need for integrated management approaches combining physiological, biochemical, and agronomic strategies to ensure sustainable agricultural practices under changing climatic conditions. Future research must focus on biotechnological innovations and climate-resilient agricultural planning to enhance crop yields and secure global food security.