EMERGING CIRCULATING AND TISSUE-BASED BIOMARKERS IN EARLY DETECTION, PROGNOSTIC EVALUATION, AND PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The increasing prevalence of complex pathological conditions necessitates the development of effective biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and personalized therapeutic strategies. Circulating and tissue-based biomarkers offer non-invasive and specific means for disease characterization, allowing precision medicine approaches. This paper reviews recent advancements in biomarker research, highlighting emerging circulating and tissue-based markers, detection technologies, and their clinical implications. Furthermore, we examine their roles in oncology, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. The transition from traditional tissue biopsies to liquid biopsy techniques has significantly improved diagnosis and monitoring. We also explore future perspectives and challenges in biomarker application.