Chronic Kidney Disease: Epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prevention strategies

ABSTRACTChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. Globally, over 850 million people are affected by this disease. Uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension are recognized as leading causes of CKD worldwide. Additionally, the consumption of contaminated water, excessive use of pesticides in agriculture, and chemical fertilizers further increase the risk of kidney disease. In particular, exposure to pesticides in India and the use of arsenic-contaminated water in certain regions of Bangladesh are contributing to a disproportionate rise in the prevalence of CKD. One of the major challenges in treating CKD is the lack of access to adequate healthcare and the high cost of treatment. If kidney disease is not addressed promptly, it can progress to complete kidney failure, leaving dialysis as the only treatment option. However, in poorer countries, there is a severe shortage of dialysis centers, and even when available, the long-term cost of treatment is often unaffordable for most individuals. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, improving environmental conditions, avoiding smoking, and managing diabetes and hypertension can play a crucial role in preventing kidney disease. Furthermore, the use of certain modern medications can help delay the progression of kidney disease and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. To mitigate this growing global public health crisis, international collaboration in high-prevalence regions, along with the development of low-cost diagnostic and treatment solutions, is essential. These efforts can significantly address the burden of CKD and improve outcomes for affected populations worldwide.Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD, Contaminated Water, Arsenic, Pesticide, Environmental Pollution, New treatment of CKD