Menarche and Spermarche in the Saudi Population: A Review

Abstract This review examines the onset of menarche and spermarche, the developmental milestones marking reproductive capability in girls and boys, within the Saudi population. Menarche and spermarche are influenced by genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors, making them valuable indicators of broader health and lifestyle trends. In Saudi Arabia, the average age for menarche is approximately 12–13 years, while spermarche typically occurs around 13–14 years. Improved nutrition and socio-economic status, alongside urbanization, have contributed to a gradual decline in the age of onset for these milestones. However, early puberty has also been associated with various psychosocial and health challenges, including increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mental health concerns, particularly in girls. This review synthesizes the literature on factors influencing menarche and spermarche in Saudi Arabia, such as nutritional status, socio-economic background, and regional differences. It also discusses public health implications, emphasizing the need for supportive educational and healthcare programs tailored to the cultural context. Ultimately, this review aims to enhance understanding of puberty trends in Saudi Arabia and inform public health policies and initiatives that address the physical and emotional needs of adolescents. Keywords: Menarche, Spermarche, socio-economic and health changes.