A Review Article On The Chikungunya

Chikungunya, caused by an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is an emerging public health challenge marked by acute and chronic musculoskeletal complications. Originating in 1952, chikungunya has evolved to re-emerge globally, with no approved antiviral treatment currently available. The acute phase is characterized by fever and severe polyarthritis, which may lead to persistent joint pain, significantly reducing quality of life and socioeconomic stability in endemic areas. Research efforts have targeted viral polymerase inhibitors like favipiravir, while plant-derived compounds such as berberine show promise in reducing viral load and inflammation. Transmission vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are linked to both urban and rural outbreaks, with the latter associated with a genetic mutation (E1-A226V) that enhances transmission efficiency. Chikungunya presents unique neonatal risks, especially during maternal viremia, and severe cases may lead to chronic rheumatic and cardiac conditions. The pathogenesis of chikungunya involves both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, with cytokine dysregulation playing a critical role. Promising research includes viral entry inhibitors, live-attenuated vaccines, and Wolbachia-infected vectors. Current challenges remain with comorbidities like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which worsen disease severity. Early detection, particularly through molecular techniques, is essential for managing outbreaks effectively. This review synthesizes advancements in chikungunya research, covering viral biology, transmission dynamics, and potential therapeutic interventions.