FROM ANCIENT ESPIONAGE TO CYBER WARFARE: EVOLVING THREATS AND THE NEED FOR MODERN LEGAL FRAMEWORKS

Abstract The ancient art of espionage has undergone significant modification. This is particularly true in the last few decades because of the rise of technology-assisted combat, which has altered what security means to a person or even a country. This study explores the trends in espionage usage over time and how traditional methods changed as a result of technical advancements, especially in information gathering. Existing legal systems are failing more and more as the danger to global order and sovereignty spreads to cyberspace. The study concludes by highlighting the combination of state-based approaches to cyberspace management and arguing that laws governing the conduct of cyberspace operations under specific circumstances are necessary to protect state integrity and promote international peace.