LIVER ENZYME PROFILES IN HIGH-YIELDING DAIRY COWS: INDICATORS OF METABOLIC HEALTH

High-yielding dairy cows, particularly Holstein-Friesians, face significant metabolic challenges due to their genetic predisposition for high milk production, especially during the transition and peripartum periods. This review focuses on liver enzyme profiles as critical indicators of metabolic health, highlighting enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). These biomarkers provide valuable insights into liver function, energy metabolism, and systemic health. The study examines the effects of factors such as nutrition, housing, environmental stress, and seasonal variations on the metabolic profiles of dairy cows. Additionally, the review emphasizes the importance of early detection of metabolic disorders through biochemical assessments, aiming to improve management strategies, enhance cow welfare, and optimize milk production. The findings underline the necessity of an integrated approach to minimize metabolic disorders and ensure sustainable dairy farming practices.