Horizontal Plate Anchors in Cohesionless Soil: Insights from Analytical, Experimental, and Numerical Studies

Horizontal plate anchors are widely used in civil engineering for stabilizing structures against uplift forces, particularly in cohesion-less soils. This review explores analytical and experimental methodologies for understanding the performance of horizontal plate anchors under various conditions. The study highlights the influence of critical variables such as anchor shape, size, depth of placement, surface roughness, and the density of the surrounding soil. Analytical methods for predicting uplift capacity are discussed alongside experimental techniques employed to validate theoretical models. The interaction between anchor properties and soil behaviour is analysed, offering insights into optimizing design parameters. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of horizontal plate anchor performance and to identify gaps for future research.