Enhancing IoT Security by Multi-Factor Authentication with Blockchain: Methods and Applications

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed device interaction, enhancing automation and efficiency. However, the surge in connected devices poses significant security challenges, especially regarding data integrity and confidentiality. Traditional single-factor authentication (SFA) methods are inadequate against advanced cyber threats, requiring more robust security measures. This paper integrates Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) with blockchain technology to create a secure, scalable, and efficient authentication framework for IoT environments. Leveraging blockchain's decentralized and immutable features with lightweight cryptographic techniques, this approach mitigates risks of unauthorized access and data breaches. The study addresses IoT devices' computational constraints, scalability issues, and privacy concerns, offering innovative solutions and practical applications. Real-world case studies in smart homes, industrial IoT, healthcare, supply chains and smart cities are presented. Future research directions are also suggested to enhance IoT security with MFA and blockchain.