A Prospective Study of Pattern of Ligature Marks and its Correlation with the Manner of Death

Introduction: Hanging is a common method of suicide, though it can also be accidental or homicidal, especially in dowry cases. Ligature marks play a crucial role in determining the cause of death, with variations in their characteristics based on the ligature used, bodily weight, and suspension time. This study aims to examine ligature patterns, improving postmortem accuracy in identifying ligature-related deaths. Methods: The study, conducted From July 2021 to June 2023 at Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur, Luknow. Examined 30 hanging-related deaths after receiving ethical approval. 30 patients data were gathered from family, police, and scene visits. Patients were categorized by suspension type (complete or partial) and ligature marks (typical or atypical). Both internal and external autopsies were performed, with ligature materials classified as soft or hard. Histological examination determined whether ligature marks were antemortem or post-mortem. Results: The highest number of cases occurred in the 20-29 age group (33.33%), followed by 10-20 years (26.67%). Males accounted for 58% of cases. Complete suspension was more common (73.33%) than partial. Atypical ligature marks (80%) were predominant, and soft materials were used in 53.34% of cases. Knots were mostly positioned in the left occipital region. Slipping knots were observed in 54% of cases. Thyroid cartilage fractures were less common (10%) compared to absent fractures (56.67%). Conclusion: Suicidal cases are more common in younger age groups, particularly 20-29, with a slight male predominance, while older age groups (above 50) show a higher proportion of homicidal cases. Atypical hangings are more prevalent overall, with complete suspension linked to homicides and partial suspension to suicides.