The Role of Anthropometric Indicators in Assessing Metabolic Health among Type-2 Diabetic Patients

Introduction: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Anthropometric indicators, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood pressure, are commonly used to assess metabolic health and obesity-related risks in patients with T2DM. Leptin, an adipokine linked to fat mass and energy regulation, plays a crucial role in metabolic dysfunction and obesity-related complications in T2DM patients. This study investigates the role of anthropometric indicators in assessing metabolic health among male and female T2DM patients, focusing on the gender differences in these indicators and their associations with metabolic outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 T2DM patients (90 males, 50 females), aged 60-70 years, were recruited. Anthropometric measurements, including BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure, were recorded. Blood samples were analyzed for metabolic parameters, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and leptin. Insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant gender differences were found in anthropometric indicators, with females exhibiting higher BMI and waist circumference compared to males (p < 0.01). Elevated BMI and waist circumference were associated with adverse metabolic outcomes, including higher FPG and LDL cholesterol. Females also had significantly higher leptin levels than males, further correlating with greater adiposity. Additionally, while females had higher HDL cholesterol, they also showed elevated LDL cholesterol, highlighting their increased cardiovascular risk. Discussion: The study’s findings emphasize the importance of anthropometric indicators in assessing metabolic health in T2DM patients. Gender differences in BMI, waist circumference, and leptin levels suggest that females with T2DM may face a higher metabolic risk than males. Despite females’ higher HDL cholesterol levels, their increased adiposity and leptin resistance could offset the protective effects, leading to worsened metabolic outcomes. These results underscore the need for gender-specific strategies in managing metabolic health in T2DM. Conclusion: Anthropometric indicators, particularly BMI and waist circumference, play a critical role in assessing metabolic health among T2DM patients. Gender-specific differences in these indicators highlight the need for tailored approaches in managing metabolic health and reducing CVD risk in T2DM patients. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying leptin resistance and its impact on metabolic outcomes in T2DM.