Oxysternon Castelnau 1840

Genus Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840 Copris (Sternaspis) Hope, 1837: 52 (original description), permanently invalid for being a junior homonym of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Annelidae: Polychaeta). Type species: Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, 1767, by subsequent designation of Edmonds (1972). Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840: 82 (original description). Type species: Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, 1767, by subsequent designation of Martínez & Pereira (1967: 69). Note: although Edmonds (1972: 838) indicated that he was the first to fix a type species for Oxysternon – something repeated later in Edmonds & Zídek (2004: 3) –, the first authors to cite S. festivus as the type species of Oxysternon were actually Martínez & Pereira (1967), who said “El género Strombodes Gistl. 1857, tiene como tipo el Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, que es a su vez el tipo de Oxysternon Castelnau, 1840 ” (our bold). Following Article 69.1.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999), we interpret Martínez & Pereira’s statement as a subsequent type species designation for Oxysternon. By preceding Edmonds’ by five years, Martínez & Pereira’s designation takes precedence and is the valid type species fixation. Oxysternum Agassiz, 1846: 268 (unjustified emendation of Oxysternon Castelnau). Type species: Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, 1767, in accordance with Articles 33.2.3 and 67.8 of the Code (ICZN 1999). Strombodes Gistel, 1857: 602 (original description), permanently invalid for being a junior homonym of Strombodes Schweigger, 1819 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Chonophyllidae). Type species: Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, 1767, by original designation. Gisteliodes Strand, 1916: 97 (new replacement name for Strombodes Gistel). Type species: Scarabaeus festivus Linnaeus, 1767, in accordance with Article 67.8 of the Code (ICZN 1999). Sternaspis – Agassiz 1846: 1018 (catalogue). — Lacordaire 1855: 100 (synonym of Oxysternon). — Gillet 1911b: 87 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Lucas 1920: 612 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — d’Olsoufieff 1924: 156 (cited as Sternaspsis, cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Pessôa & Lane 1941: 486 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Blackwelder 1944: 210 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Edmonds & Zídek 2004: 3 (synonym of Oxysternon). — Vítolo 2004: 287 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Solís & Kohlmann 2012: 7 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). — Figueroa et al. 2014: 130 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon). Oxysternon – Nevinson 1892: 8 (catalog, distribution). — Gillet 1911b: 87 (catalog, distribution). — Lucas 1920: 471 (catalog, distribution). — d’Olsoufieff 1924: 18, 111, 157 (key, redescription, distribution). — Pessôa & Lane 1941: 470 (key). — Blackwelder 1944: 210 (list). — Halffter & Matthews 1966: 258 (catalog, distribution).— Vulcano & Pereira 1967: 566 (key). — Edmonds 1972: 820, 835 (key, redescription). — Howden & Young 1981: 11, 146 (key, redescription). — Halffter & Edmonds 1982: 136 (catalog, distribution); 1994: 17 (key). — Zunino 1985: 104 (comments). — Gámez & Mora 2000: 17 (list). — Medina & Lopera-Toro 2000: 303 (key). — Vítolo 2000: 595 (key); 2004: 287 (diagnosis). — Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 194 (checklist for Brazil). — Medina et al. 2001: 140 (list of species from Colombia). — Arnaud 2002a: 13, 61 (key, diagnosis). — Ratcliffe 2002: 16 (checklist for Panama). — Edmonds & Zídek 2004: 3 (revision). — Philips et al. 2004b: 50 (comments). — Hamel-Leigue et al. 2006: 17 (list for Bolivia); 2009: 62 (distribution for Bolivia). — Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2011a: 24 (key). — Carvajal et al. 2011: 140, 322 (diagnosis, list). — Solís & Kohlmann 2012: 7 (checklist for Costa Rica). — Krajcik 2012: 191 (list). — Boilly & Vaz-de-Mello 2013: 107 (key). — Figueroa et al. 2014: 130 (distribution for Peru). — Boilly et al. 2016: 89, 95 (key, list, comments). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 75, 97 (list for Ecuador); 2019: 201 (catalogue). — Hielkema & Hielkema 2019: 101 (catalogue for the Guianas). Strombodes – Martínez & Pereira 1967: 69 (synonym of Oxysternon, comments). — Edmonds & Zídek 2004: 3 (synonym of Oxysternon). — Vítolo 2004: 287 (synonym of Oxysternon). — Solís & Kohlmann 2012: 7 (synonym of Oxysternon). — Figueroa et al. 2014: 130 (cited as synonym of Oxysternon).