HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE: RISK FACTORS, COMPLICATIONS, AND UNDERLYING MECHANISMS

Hypertensive heart disease encompasses both functional and structural dysfunctions in the left ventricle, left atrium, and coronary arteries, resulting from chronic uncontrolled hypertension. Despite its prevalence, hypertensive heart disease is often underreported, and the mechanisms contributing to its development and associated complications remain inadequately defined. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of hypertensive heart disease, focusing on the mechanisms involved in its progression and complications, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. Additionally, we highlight the roles of dietary salt, immune responses, and genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of hypertensive heart disease.