Gallicisms in Italian and Italianisms in French: features of adaptation

The work examines the problem of interlanguage borrowings based on the material of French lexical units that have passed into the Italian language (gallicisms) and Italian lexical units that have passed into the French language (Italianisms). Using descriptive, comparative research methods, as well as the method of quantitative calculations, the most numerous lexical and semantic groups of gallicisms in Italian and Italianisms in French have been identified. Various types of borrowing have been established, such as borrowing a foreign-language lexical unit without changing its sound and graphic expression; borrowing a foreign-language lexical unit with phonetic adaptation and without changing its graphic expression; borrowing a foreign-language lexical unit with phonetic and graphic adaptation; borrowing a foreign-language lexical unit with grammatical adaptation; calculus. By means of a definitional analysis, synonymous relations between loanwords and source words, as well as the facts of their coexistence, are revealed. Differences in the adaptation of gallicisms in Italian and Italianisms in French have been established.