Dissecting Molecular Pathways and Intricate Mechanisms Underpinning Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Exhaustive and Integrative Review

Concern for antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria is fast becoming a global issue due to the reduction of effectiveness of current drugs. This review deconstructs the material in a logical, categorized manner, examining the biochemistry of antibiotic resistance mechanisms such as efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, genetic changes, and the regulation of those changes. Close associated gene transfer, especially the plasmids-mediated resistance, and how biofilms contribute to the survival of bacteria under antibiotic pressure. Present methods of detection and diagnosis are also described with emphasis on the importance of identifying a resistant strain quickly and accurately. Last, we discuss directions for ongoing and future progress in tackling antibiotic resistance, such as new treatments and public health directions. Based on these observations, it is the hope of this review to contribute to the existing literature and initiatives geared towards reversing the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance.