An updated review on-Heat Stress imbalance and enhancement of wheat

Wheat is a crucial cereal crop and is considered a source of fundamental calories and protein for more than 80% of the world's population. The impact of increasing temperatures on wheat production has been a global concern over the past few decades owing to global climate change. Heat is the major a-biotic stress limiting wheat production. Heat stress disrupts important morphological, physiological and biochemical, molecular processes in the plant. High temperature stress reduces plant height, grain number, photosynthetic activity, starch synthesis in the endosperm. Reactive oxygen species accumulate under heat stress and can cause severe oxidative damage to crops. Plants rapidly produce heat shock proteins to reduce the effects of heat stress. Numerous traits, such as stay green, chlorophyll fluorescence, and canopy temperature, play a significant role in heat tolerance. Knowledge of the effects of heat stress and tolerance at the physiological, biochemical, and morphological, molecular levels is crucial for developing new crop varieties that can crop with future climates.