Exploring Current and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review

This review addresses current and future therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disorder of cognitive deterioration that degenerates over time as well as memory malfunction. In line with this, the review investigates disease-modifying drugs which include anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies and tau protein modulation. Neuroinflammation also includes complement system inhibitors and controls over microglial activation. Besides this, it talks about synaptic plasticity improvement. In addition, it discusses the inhibitors, namely beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and p38 alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38α MAPK), that contrast with the traditional treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists that are critical in management of AD. This review also includes the new drug delivery systems: nanoparticles and intranasal delivery systems that may potentially enhance therapeutic effectiveness toward the targeting of the brain. Of these, gene therapy and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based approaches such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be used to slow the disease through targeting at a genetic level. Lifestyle and dietary interventions, including physical activity and specific nutrient supplementation, serve to include management of AD symptoms. It is underpinned that the treatment of AD would be multiple in nature, including pharmacological intervention and lifestyle changes for better patient outcomes and reduced progression of the disease.