Endogenous Growth and the Influence of Information and Communication Technology on Poland's Economic Trajectory

Poland has experienced a remarkable digital revolution, driven by technological advancements and proactive government policies. The increasing integration of information and communication technology (ICT) has played a pivotal role in this transformation. To assess the economic impacts of these changes, this research examines key indicators such as gross fixed capital formation, labor force dynamics, human capital and education, technology and innovation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and ICT infrastructure. Using 33 years of data from 1990 to 2022, we employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing methodology to derive empirical insights. The results indicate that, in the short run, ICT, labor, and FDI positively and significantly contribute to Poland's economic growth, with labor exerting the strongest influence. However, capital investment shows a negative effect on growth, possibly due to inefficient allocation and diminishing returns in certain sectors. In the long run, labor and FDI continue to positively and significantly impact growth, while capital investment remains a negative factor. These findings lead to several key policy recommendations aimed at strengthening Poland’s economic growth trajectory.