ERRATA

Abstract Cognitive impairment remains one of the most challenging consequences of stroke, affecting up to one-third of survivors. As traditional rehabilitation methods show limited effectiveness, cortical stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have emerged as promising tools for enhancing cognitive recovery through neuroplasticity. These non-invasive neuromodulation techniques modulate cortical excitability, promoting synaptic plasticity and enhancing recovery in motor and cognitive domains. This review explores the mechanisms behind cortical stimulation, its clinical applications in stroke rehabilitation, and the emerging data from early clinical trials. Evidence suggests that cortical stimulation, when combined with task-specific cognitive training or motor rehabilitation, enhances outcomes by activating shared neural circuits, particularly in regions responsible for memory, attention, and executive function. Early clinical trials have demonstrated that tDCS and TMS, applied during the subacute phase of stroke recovery, significantly improve cognitive outcomes when integrated with physical therapy. Additionally, innovative protocols, such as the combination of virtual reality (VR)-based cognitive rehabilitation with cortical stimulation, have shown promise in accelerating recovery from cognitive deficits. As stroke recovery is time-sensitive, the critical window for effective intervention lies within the first three months post-stroke. This period represents a heightened state of neuroplasticity, during which cortical stimulation can most effectively facilitate cognitive recovery. While challenges remain, such as variability in patient responses and the need for large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs), ongoing advancements in neuroimaging biomarkers and personalized treatment algorithms hold potential for optimizing the use of cortical stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. As research progresses, cortical stimulation could revolutionize cognitive rehabilitation by restoring disrupted neural networks and improving functional outcomes for stroke survivors.