Population-level coding of avoidance learning in medial prefrontal cortex

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been proposed to link sensory inputs and behavioral outputs to mediate the execution of learned behaviors. However, how such a link is implemented has remained unclear. To measure prefrontal neural correlates of sensory stimuli and learned behaviors, we performed population calcium imaging during a new tone-signaled active avoidance paradigm in mice. We developed an analysis approach based on dimensionality reduction and decoding that allowed us to identify interpretable task-related population activity patterns. While a large fraction of tone-evoked activity was not informative about behavior execution, we identified an activity pattern that was predictive of tone-induced avoidance actions and did not occur for spontaneous actions with similar motion kinematics. Moreover, this avoidance-specific activity differed between distinct avoidance actions learned in two consecutive tasks. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which mPFC contributes to the selection of goal-directed actions by transforming sensory inputs into specific behavioral outputs through distributed population-level computations.