Combined impact and interior evolution models in three dimensions indicate a southern impact origin of the Martian Dichotomy

The origin of the Martian Crustal Dichotomy is a long-standing mystery since its discovery in the Mariner 9 era. Among various proposed hypotheses, a single giant impact origin (i.e. the Borealis impact) is the most well known, and the most studied. However, studies that include realistic impact models often adapt a simplified geological and geophysical model for predicting the final crustal distribution, while long-term mantle convection studies have mostly employed an over-simplified parametrization of the impact. Here we use a coupled SPH-thermochemical approach to first simulate an impact event, and then use the result of this realistic model as the initial condition for the long-term mantle convection model. We demonstrate that a giant impact collision results in a mantle-deep magma pond, which upon crystallization leads to more crust production on the impacted hemisphere. In other words, an impact-origin of Mars’s southern highlands requires the giant impact to occur in the southern hemisphere. We find that both the impact scenario and the mantle properties affect the geometry of the impact-induced crust (‘‘highlands’’) and the subsequent state of the interior, and that the formation of ‘‘highlands’’ extends beyond the initial magma pond. We show that a near head-on (15◦ from the normal) impact event with impactor radius intermediate between 500–750 km, together with a mantle viscosity of 1020 Pa s, can best reproduce the southern highlands of Mars with a geometry similar to that of present-day observations.