Application of 3D Slicer in the comprehensive management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Surgical treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is increasingly oriented toward minimally invasive, precise, and safe, with growing emphasis on disease and prognostic assessment, and perioperative monitoring. As a medical image processing software, 3D Slicer has been gradually applied in the diagnosis and treatment of sICH. It enables precise quantification of hematoma ⁃ related pathological changes, assists in preoperative trajectory simulation and intraoperative localization, greatly enriching the approaches for sICH evaluation, monitoring, and treatment. This article reviews the use of 3D Slicer software in sICH monitoring and prognostic evaluation, preoperative pathway planning and surgical simulation, intraoperative localization and puncture guidance, and the design and use of postoperative neuroprotective devices, aiming to provide novel insights to advance clinical practice.