Culture and belonging: a Hegelian perspective

This thesis work explores the relationship between individual identity and sociocultural context, drawing on Hegel’s concept of “ethical life” to argue that just treatment of individuals requires recognizing the significance of the world they grew up within. Through an analysis of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, the thesis emphasizes how individuals are shaped by their historical and cultural environments, particularly through the dynamics of recognition, ethical life, and conscience. In the first chapter, I explain these key Hegelian concepts to demonstrate how identity and agency are formed within a world of norms and values. In the second chapter, I apply Hegel’s insights to critique the imposition of values—whether by colonial powers or internal authoritarian governance—arguing that such impositions cause violence and objectification. Drawing on Frantz Fanon and Saba Mahmood, I explore the unjust consequences of disavowing individuals’ worlds and argue for respecting their embedded values. The third chapter explores a solution called “immanent change,” where cultural practices evolve internally rather than being imposed from outside. Using examples from Afghanistan, Egypt, and Iran, I show how Hegel’s ideas can help us understand justice in intercultural interactions.