Mechanisms of active components of Astragalus membranaceus in regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome to attenuate diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by progressive renal dysfunction, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. The “inflammatory response-fibrosis” axis plays a critical role in the progression of DN, with the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome recognized as a key driver of this process. Understanding the interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation is essential for developing effective strategies for DN prevention and treatment. Astragalus membranaceus is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine in DN management, and its active components have been shown to interfere with NLRP3 inflammasome initiation and activation, thereby mitigating DN progression. This review highlights the pivotal role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the “inflammatory response-fibrosis” mechanism of DN and explores the therapeutic potential of Astragalus membranaceus in targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activity. By summarizing current evidence, this article aims to provide new insights into targeted therapeutic strategies for DN.