A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a Composite Bamboo Shear Wall System Developed for El Salvador

To meet the UN sustainable development goal targets by 2030, it is necessary to provide adequate, resilient, and affordable housing solutions which are also low-carbon. In the context of affordable housing in El Salvador, an improved vernacular construction system, following the composite bamboo shear wall (CBSW) technology, has been developed as a feasible option to fill the current housing deficit. A life cycle assessment (LCA) has been conducted comparing a house built using the CBSW system with a reinforced concrete hollow block masonry system, considering the A1 to A5 (raw material production and manufacture) and B4 (replacement) life cycle modules. The LCA scope was limited to modules where there was sufficient confidence in the inputs. End-of-life modules were excluded as there is a large degree of uncertainty in the end-of-life scenarios for these materials in the regional context. The LCA results show that the CBSW system has approximately 64% of the global warming potential (GWP) of the reinforced masonry house, and when considering biogenic carbon, this reduces to 53%. There is additional potential to minimise impacts and maximise end-of-life opportunities (e.g., re-use, biofuel, etc.) for the biomaterials within the CBSW system, if considering modules beyond the scope of this paper, and this needs further study. Nevertheless, the results from this LCA—of limited A1 to A5 and B4 scope—show that the CBSW system has significant sustainability advantages over conventional construction systems and is considered a promising solution to alleviate the housing deficit in El Salvador.