Spatial Distribution and Decadal Variability of ¹²⁹I and ²³⁶U in the Western Mediterranean Sea

This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of the artificial radionuclides ¹²⁹I and ²³⁶U in the Western Mediterranean Sea, focusing on their connection to radionuclide sources and circulation dynamics. Taking advantage of unprecedented precision of accelerator mass spectrometry, both tracers were firstly investigated in 2013. Here, we examine tracer observations obtained along four stations (re-)visited during the TAlPro2022 expedition in May 2022. Distributions of both ¹²⁹I and ²³⁶U were related to water masses and clearly linked to local circulation patterns: a tracer-poor surface Atlantic inflow, a thining of the tracer minimum at intermediate depths, and a higher tracer signal in Western Mediterranean Deep Waters due to dense water formation in the Algero-Provençal basin. The comparison to 2013 tracer data indicated recent deep ventilation of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the mixing of deep waters and enhanced stratification in intermediate waters in the Algero-Provençal basin due to a temperature and salinity increase between 2013 and 2022. We estimate an overall ¹²⁹I increase of 20% at all depths between 0 and 500m with respect to 2013, which is not accompanied by ²³⁶U. This suggests either the lateral transport of ¹²⁹I from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, or an additional source of this tracer. The inventories of 129I calculated for each water mass at the four stations point to the deposition of airborne releases from the nuclear reprocessing plants (La Hague and Sellafield) on the surface Mediterranean waters as the more likely explanation for the ¹²⁹I increase. This work demonstrates the great potential of including measurements of anthropogenic radionuclides as tracers of ocean circulation. However, a refinement of the anthropogenic inputs is necessary to improve their use in understanding ventilation changes in the Mediterranean Sea.