Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of risk management on pregnancy and childbirth: An integrative review

Background: Risk management in maternity care aims to reduce incidents and harm to women and babies, contributing to quality care. However, there is growing concern that risk management policies may lead to unnecessary interventions during pregnancy and childbirth, resulting in both short- and long-term morbidity for women and their babies. Aim: To evaluate healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the effect of risk management on pregnancy and childbirth. Methods: A five-stage methodological framework was utilised in this review. A comprehensive integrative review was undertaken using a computer-assisted database approach including CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE (Pubmed), PsycINFO and Scopus from 2016–2024. This review is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Findings: The review identified five papers from four different countries. Two overarching themes were generated: The impact of the dominant medical model on risk management and decision-making in maternity care and the differences and similarities in healthcare professional’s perceptions of risk management. The increasing medicalisation of pregnancy and childbirth shifts healthcare professionals’ focus towards documentation and administrative tasks, driven by liability fears, rather than addressing clinical risks and providing woman-centred care. Conclusion: Complex factors influence risk management in maternity care. Risk management is affecting the way healthcare professionals think and operate. This review reveals that the medical model significantly shapes healthcare professionals’ perceptions of risk management, often undermining midwives’ autonomy and impacting decision-making in pregnancy and childbirth. Education and training are essential to restore mid-wives’ autonomous roles, ensuring that women receive the most appropriate, safest and highest quality of care