State-of-the-Art Microplastic Sampling Sources, Identification Approaches and Possible Transformation to Wealth

Microplastics are defined as plastic particles of different shapes and polymer compositions, ranging in size from 1μm to 5 mm. There are two types of microplastics: primary microplastics, such as microbeads added to household products, and secondary microplastics, commonly used to make bottles and plastic bags. Microplastic pollution has become a major issue affecting human health. Research suggests that once humans ingest microplastics ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm, these particles can be absorbed by the blood-brain barrier and placenta. This can potentially cause damage to the circulatory system. This study aims to review the techniques used for sampling microplastics, including passive and active sampling. The review of microplastic articles encompasses sources from both indoor and outdoor environments, such as soil, water, and air. Research suggests that individuals who consume water from plastic bottles may ingest up to 90,000 microplastic particles annually. In addition, studies conducted in indoor environments, such as houses, dormitories, and offices, indicate that an individual can ingest approximately 190 microplastic particles per day and up to 69,000 particles per year due to the high abundance of microplastics indoors (1,583 ± 1,180 particles/m³).This review also emphasizes the analytical methods employed by scientists to identify and characterize microplastics. For instance, visual observation (stereomicroscope), micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser direct infrared analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mass spectrometry. Also, this review article explores the potential for transforming microplastics into valuable products through innovative recycling and upcycling methods.