Jurisprudential and Legal Examination of the Competence of Minor Distinguished and Fools in Concluding Free Contracts

The civil law in many articles emphasizes the need for the competence of parties to the transaction and prohibits incompetent persons from concluding the transaction. Among the unqualified persons are minor (Saghir child) distinguished and fools who because they do not have the ability to distinguish their profits and losses, their transactions and possessions in financial affairs are considered invalid. However, despite this general ruling, the legislator has allowed them to acquire property without compensation in the final part of articles 1212 and 1214. The main reason for this ruling is that in accepting ownership without compensation, no harm will be done to the minor. Of course, this exceptional ruling is only valid for acquisition free contracts, and in non-acquisition free contracts, minor distinguished and fools are not eligible to accept the contract, because they may cause losses to themselves due to their lack of knowledge and awareness. On the other hand, if the contract of free acquisition includes the condition of exchange or obligation, minor distinguished and fool are no longer qualified to accept the contract. Because accepting this contract will lead to their involvement in their property and requires the involvement of their guardian. Therefore, this research, with a descriptive and analytical method, and with a jurisprudential and legal approach, deals with the expression of the eligibility of minors distinguished and fools in free contracts and states their eligibility or ineligibility.