Scalable nanomanufacturing of cadmium selenide photoanodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen-producing systems

Hydrogen is poised to play a transformative role in the global transition to sustainable energy—not only as a clean fuel, but also as a foundational chemical for key industrial sectors such as fertilizer and steel production. Among the technologies being explored for renewable hydrogen generation, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers the unique ability to directly convert sunlight and water into storable, zero-carbon hydrogen fuel. However, the scalability of PEC systems remains limited by critical bottlenecks in materials performance, manufacturing yield, and device uniformity--especially when extending from lab-scale to commercially relevant substrate areas.