Differential Effects of Physical Activity on Social Interactions of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience challenges with communication, social interaction, and motor skills, which can contribute to social isolation. A growing body of research suggests physical activity (PA) may improve social, physical fitness, and gross motor outcomes for adolescents with ASD. Although exercise and PA have been identified as an evidence-based practice (EBP) for this population, limited research has specifically examined the relationship between PA and social interactions. This study used an alternating treatment design, replicated across four adolescents with ASD, to compare the effects of two interventions – soccer instruction and fitness instruction - on social interactions and PA levels. The outcomes were assessed by a) the frequency of spontaneous initiations and responses made to a peer and coach, and b) the percentage of time spent in light physical activity (LPA) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during each condition. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and descriptive statistics. Social validity was determined through participant and parent surveys. The results indicated no experimental control for spontaneous initiations or spontaneous responses in either intervention. However, experimental control was established for one participant’s LPA level during soccer, and for one participant’s MVPA level during the fitness intervention. Participants indicated high social validity for the intervention. Findings offer insights for practitioners and suggest directions for future research.