Oxidative Stress and Some Physiological, Biochemical and Immunological Variables Resulting from Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium Cr (I) on Cardiovascular Health

Hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) causes reactive stress and inflammation in the heart; hence this study examines how oxidative stress from Cr (VI) affects the circulatory system and the inflammatory and oxidative processes that generate it. Fifty mice were split into five groups. One group was a control, while four received oral Cr (VI) (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 50 mg) daily for 30 days. At the conclusion of the study, blood concentrations of ATP, troponin I, and CK-MB were assessed for cardiac injury. To assess oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) were examined. Inflammatory biomarkers, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), were identified in a composite of cardiac tissue. Significant cardiac injury and reactive stress were evidenced by the substantial increases in CK-MB, troponin I, and MDA levels in relation to dosage. Antioxidant markers like CAT, SOD, and GSH went down a lot, which means the body's antioxidant defenses were not as strong as they used to be. Increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels, particularly with larger Cr (VI) doses, indicated an inflammatory response. Research demonstrates that Cr (VI) causes oxidative stress and inflammation in the heart, which worsens with greater doses. This study shows how important it's to find more safety drugs that can protect the heart from the damage that Cr (VI) does.