II.9 — Beam instrumentation

The determination of beam parameters is essential for the operation and development of any accelerator facility. The working principle of frequently used beam instruments for electron and proton beams is discussed. The article includes the beam instrumentation for beam current determination, methods for transverse profile and emittance diagnostics, the usage of beam position monitors for bunched beams, bunch shape measurement and the usage of beam loss monitors. The article also deals with the physical basis of various monitors and applications for beam diagnostics at typical linear and circular accelerators for electrons and protons.