Qing：Three articles with deep background

The Qing Dynasty was affected by M8 earthquakes and tsunamis. This paper introduces the seismological background of these events using three texts by Kangxi, Pu Songling, and Cao Xueqin as guides. After the 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake, Kangxi abandoned the belief in heavenly wrath and began recognizing observable seismic phenomena. Subsequent research on the North China earthquake addressed the rupture mechanisms and the conjugate relationship of fracture zones. The 1668 Tancheng M8.5 earthquake was experienced by Pu Songling, who recorded a detailed and accurate account of the tremors felt by people, providing an invaluable reference for future generations. This paper also describes the flooding disaster caused by the earthquake, the characteristics of the Tanlu fault zone, and the connection between the two major earthquakes. The tsunami mentioned in Cao Xueqin’s essay has historical validity. This paper briefly introduces storm surges and seismic tsunamis in China, as well as the tectonic evolution of domains in the western Pacific Ocean.