SMALLHOLDER FARMERS' FOOD SECURITY STATUS AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN GINIR DISTRICT, EAST BALE ZONE

Food security remains a challenge for many smallholder farmers worldwide and understanding the factors influencing food security is crucial for designing effective interventions and improving livelihoods. The overall objective of this study was to assess the food security status of smallholder farmers and its determinants. The research utilized a cross-sectional design, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Random sampling was used to collect the data using probabilistic method to control biased during the sampling. Data was collected from 373 households across five Villages in Ginir. Surveys assessed dietary intake, socio-economic factors, and food access. Focus group discussions provided deeper insights into the lived experiences of farmers regarding food security challenges and coping strategies. Interviews with local experts provided context and broader perspectives on food security in the region. Additionally, household food balance models were used to estimate per capita calorie availability, and secondary data from government reports and academic papers supplemented the primary data collection. The study revealed a complex depiction of food security in Ginir. While a positive aspect was observed with nearly 70% of households consuming legumes daily, limitations were identified in vegetable and fruit consumption (30%), and meat/egg intake was generally low, with over 73% consuming them rarely or not at all. Analysis of household calorie acquisition data highlighted the need for a comprehensive approach to ensure adequate calorie intake for all residents. Under consumption, defined as falling below the recommended daily calorie intake, was a significant challenge, particularly among vulnerable populations, affecting an estimated 25% of households. Ten statistically significant factors influencing income inequality and food security were identified. Access to credit through formal or informal loans, farming experience, and higher total household income emerged as crucial factors shaping income distribution and ultimately impacting food security. These factors were significant at the 1% level. Additionally, factors like age, household size (larger households facing greater resource limitations), and weather shocks were significant at the 5% level, indicating their influence on food insecurity. Based on the study's findings, recommendations include promoting education for farmers, especially experienced ones, to enhance agricultural practices and income distribution. Additionally, developing programs for savings, controlled credit access, and improved farming practices can empower farmers. Implementing safety nets to mitigate shocks and integrating food security with family planning to manage resource pressure from larger families are also recommended. The analysis informs the development of multi-faceted interventions by the local government, including strengthening local markets, improving storage facilities and transportation infrastructure, and providing flexible microfinance programs.2