Production Plant of Nanoparticle Mineral Oxide Sunscreen; The Enabling of Skin Bleaching in Sub-Saharan Africa by Harnessing Socioeconomic Disparities

Mineral sunscreens are a safe and reef-friendly alternative suitable for all skin types, unlike many chemical sunscreens. However, their broader use is limited by the visible white cast they can leave on the skin, which often makes them less accessible to individuals with darker complexions. This technical thesis addresses this challenge through the design of a nanoparticle mineral oxide sunscreen production plant. The project includes the synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, unit operations and separation processes, as well as sunscreen formulation and emulsion development. An economic analysis was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the process at an industrial scale. In a broader context, the cosmetics and skincare industries have struggled to develop products that are inclusive of all skin tones. The accompanying STS thesis examines how socioeconomic disparities in Sub-Saharan Africa have been leveraged to promote skin bleaching, reinforcing inequality in skincare and cosmetic product accessibility.