Scoping Review of Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring Techniques

The aim of this review is to analyze the role of subcutaneous sensors in advancing diabetes management and treatment by exploring their benefits, such as enabling continuous glucose monitoring and improving patient compliance. Methods: A scoping review of subcutaneous sensors was conducted, focusing on their minimally invasive nature, continuous glucose monitoring capabilities, and their integration into closed-loop glucose measurement systems, including predictive low glucose suspend systems (PLGS), hybrid closed-loop systems (HCL), and advanced hybrid closed-loop systems (AHCL). The sensors were categorized based on invasiveness into implantable and minimally invasive techniques, with further classification into microneedle methods and optical approaches. Results: Subcutaneous sensors, particularly those that are minimally invasive, offer significant advantages in diabetes management, including continuous glucose monitoring and enhanced patient compliance. These sensors are also compatible with various add-on systems, allowing for advanced glucose control systems like LGS, PLGS, HCL, and AHCL. Conclusion: Subcutaneous sensors play a critical role in improving diabetes management by providing continuous glucose monitoring with minimal invasiveness, which enhances patient compliance and quality of life. This review offers valuable insights that could guide future research and development in the field of subcutaneous glucose sensing and diabetes treatment.