Antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles from plant extracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a sustainable and promising alternative in the development of new antimicrobial agents. However, despite its potential, this field remains scientifically underdeveloped, with significant variation in the methods used to assess antimicrobial activity. This lack of standardization makes it difficult to compare results and draw reliable conclusions about the true effectiveness of these nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the main green synthesis methods currently used for TiO₂ nanoparticles, evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy, and catalog the most frequently applied antimicrobial tests employed to validate new molecules produced by green synthesis. By organizing and analyzing this information, the study seeks to contribute to the establishment of more consistent and comparable methodologies in future research.