Organic and Synthetic Substitutes in Tracheal Reconstruction: A Scope Review

Tracheal defects have been the focus of research since the 19th century, but reconstructing this complex structure remains challenging. Identifying a safe, effective tracheal substitute is a key goal in surgery. This integrative review explores current tracheal substitutes and tissue engineering techniques. Data were collected in June 2024 to March 2025 from electronically available databases. Articles published between 2015 and 2025 were selected using the protocolo individualizado para cada base de dados After screening 190 articles, 82 were excluded, and 108 were reviewed, with 100 meeting the final inclusion criteria. Recent substitutes include three-dimensional synthetic grafts made from polycaprolactone and copolyamide with thermoplastic elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane and polylactic acid. Additionally, models using decellularized and recellularized tracheal matrix scaffolds and bioprinting techniques are being developed. Comparative studies of synthetic grafts and tracheal scaffolds, as well as cell self-aggregation methods to create tracheal analogues, are discussed. Further research is required to refine protocols and ensure viable tracheal substitutes.