Diabetic retinopathy in primary health care: a narrative review

ABSTRACT Objective: This review aims to summarize the most relevant information on diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common preventable complication of diabetes, highlighting the key role of the primary care physician in its timely detection and management. Design and Methodology: A narrative review of the scientific literature published in the last decade was conducted. Study selection: original articles, reviews, clinical guidelines, consensus statements and grey literature providing current and relevant data were included; ultimately, 43 references were selected after critical analysis, compiling information on prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, prevention strategies, diagnosis, and treatment. Results: DR affects more than one in five adults with diabetes, and its prevalence continues to rise. Careful control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid levels, along with regular screening and patient education, are the most effective tools to prevent visual loss. Additionally, objective assessment of visual acuity (VA) and systematic fundus examination are essential for early detection and appropriate monitoring of the disease. Current therapies, such as anti-VEGF (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor) agents and laser photocoagulation, have improved the prognosis of advanced cases. Conclusions: DR can be effectively prevented and treated if detected early. The general practitioner, with a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, plays a fundamental role in reducing the impact of this disease and improving the quality of life of people with diabetes. Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, primary care, microvascular complications, screening.