Adoption of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies among Smallholder Farmers in African Countries: A Systematic Review

This systematic review investigates the adoption of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in African countries, recognizing the significant challenges posed by climate change, including rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns. Paying attention to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies can assist smallholder farmers to attain some of the Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs] including food security and zero hunger. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data from a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, focusing on studies published from 2004 to 2024 that address the impacts of climate change and the strategies utilized by smallholder farmers. The review highlights effective adaptation practices such as crop diversification, water management, conservation agriculture, and crop rotation, while emphasizing the role of socioeconomic factors such as farm size, market access, and financial resources in influencing these strategies. It also addresses challenges faced by farmers, including unreliable rainfall patterns, poor soil fertility, and financial constraints. Recommendations for enhancing adaptation include increasing training opportunities, improving access to climate information, and promoting non-farm income sources. The findings have important implications for policymakers and development organizations, suggesting that tailored support programs, infrastructure investment, and coordinated approaches are essential to empower farmers and ensure sustainable agricultural productivity amidst ongoing climate challenges. Ultimately, the review underscores the necessity for comprehensive policies that support sustainable development and effective natural resource management.