Low-frequency tremor-like episodes before the 2023 MW 7.8 Türkiye earthquake linked to cement quarrying

Recent advances in artificial intelligence have enhanced the detection and identification of transient low-amplitude signals across the entire frequency spectrum, shedding light on deformation processes preceding natural hazards. This study investigates low-frequency, low-amplitude signals preceding the 2023 MW 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake in Türkiye. Using a deep neural network, we extract key features from the spectrograms of continuous seismic signals and employ unsupervised clustering to reveal distinct transient patterns. We identify an increased occurrence of low-frequency tremor-like signals during the six months preceding the mainshock. However, the location of these signals suggests that their origin is not tectonic, but rather related to anthropogenic activities at cement plants along the Narlı Fault, where the MW 7.8 mainshock nucleated. Such findings highlight the importance of understanding the origin of patterns detected by machine-learning methods and the large variety of seismic signals due to anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the search for the origin of the tremor-like signals motivated an investigation into the local seismicity around the Narlı Fault. The resulting extended seismicity catalog suggests that seismicity in this area arises from a combination of tectonic and anthropogenic processes.