Section 1: Sand fly collection.

<p>Fig A. Sand fly trap types. Fig B. Placement of the light traps and cattle bated traps. Section 2: Exploratory data analysis. Fig C. Spatial variability and seasonality of sand fly counts. Table A. Summary statistics of monthly sand fly density by sentinel site. Fig D. Box plots showing the seasonality of climate variables averaged across all surveillance settings from March 2018 to February 2020. Fig E. Correlation between each climatic covariate averaged across all nine monitoring stations from March 2018 to February 2020 in Sri Lanka. Table B. Distribution of non-climate variables among surveillance sites. Section 3: Statistical analytical approach. Box A: Statistical Analytical Approach. Section 4: Distributed Lag Nonlinear Models (DLNM). Table C. Sum of the Q-AIC values obtained by the first stage models for LT per trap, CBNT per trap and LT monthly total for each weather variable evaluated. Table D. Definitions of the cross-basis matrix for the selected first stage models. Fig F. Relative risk (RR) of leishmaniasis vector activity (measured by LT) by rainfall at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig G. Relative risk (RR) of leishmaniasis vector activity (measured by LT per trap) by ambient temperature (maximum temperature) at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig H. Relative risk (RR) of leishmaniasis vector activity (measured by LT per trap) by average relative humidity at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig I. Relative risk (RR) of sand fly vector density (measured by LT) by sunshine hours at lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig J. Relative risk (RR) of sand fly vector density (measured by LT per trap) by wind speed at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig K. Relative risk (RR) of sand fly vector density (measured by LT per trap) by soil temperature measured at 10 cm from the surface in morning hours (8:30 am) at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Fig L. Relative risk (RR) of sand fly vector density (measured by LT per trap) by evaporation values at a lag of 0 to 3 months. Table E. Quantification of divisional heterogeneity of the association between weather variables and the LT per trap index obtained by the second stage multi-variate meta-analysis. Fig M. Weather and sand fly density measured by CBNT. Section 5: Moderator effect of climate zones on weather-Sand Fly association. Table F. Wald test statistics for the moderator effect of climate zones on weather-sand fly association. Fig N. Moderator effect of climate on weather and Sand Fly density. Section 6: Machine learning and XAI. Fig O. Plots of SHAP values for climate variables. Fig P. Plots of SHAP values for land use variables.</p> <p>(DOCX)</p>