Comparing "Western Classic Mode" and "Guangzhou Mode" of Transnational Immigrant Urban Enclaves: Three Logics at Global, Local, and Individual Scales

China's rapid development has attracted various transnational immigrants, including knowledge workers, refugees, entrepreneurs, students, artists, and other middle- and high-income groups of diverse origins. These transnational immigrants often disperse across Chinese cities, but mostly congregating in specific urban spaces, forming different types of immigrant enclaves with socio-spatial implications. In the literature on the incorporation of immigrants, the immigrant enclaves are often viewed as "springboard," "gateway city," or "arrival neighborhood." This indicates that enclaves can provide immigrants various functions for livelihood, such as social and emotional support, job opportunities, etc., to resist the hostility from the host society, and offer opportunities for social and economic upward mobility. This leads to immigrants' integration into the mainstream society in the form of "spatial assimilation." Based on the review of various resources such as newspapers, reports, and research articles, this study aims to analyze the formation mechanism of the "Guangzhou African enclave" from an analytical framework of global, local, and individual levels, and compares it to the Western classic mode, questioning whether the "African enclave" could function as an "arrival neighborhood." The results show that the "Western classic mode" is based on the migration of labor force from the south to the north, resulting in a permanent residence-oriented migration phenomenon, and the enclave functions as an anchoring space for immigrants. At the global level, the dual division of labor force induces low-skilled migration, particularly, from the global south to the global north for a better life, and thus, these migrations congregate in specific urban spaces and form enclaves. At the local level, a spatial agglomeration is created following the logic of housing market, with a combination of housing supply and demand in the city. At the individual level, the preferences and resources/capitals of migrant individuals deeply impact the formation of migrant enclaves. However, the results also reveal that the "Guangzhou model" is characterized by the migration of grassroots entrepreneurs from the south to the south, forming a temporary business-oriented migration. At the global level, "low-end globalization" lays a solid foundation for the emergence of African transnational migration in Guangzhou. At the local level, it creates a spatial fragmentation phenomenon in the city because of the attraction and rejection caused by urban policies in the context of spatial governance. At the individual level, the entrepreneurial-oriented migration pattern reinforces the spatial fragmentation of the "African enclave" in Guangzhou. By analyzing the Guangzhou Model, we hope to supplement the theory of transnational migration in China and provide implications for the decision-making of relevant organizations.