Research progress of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases

Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, with a diameter ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm. Composed of lipid bilayers, proteins, and genetic material, they can deliver bioactive molecules to target cells, playing a crucial role in cell communication, immune regulation, inflammation, and other processes. Exosomes are associated with various human diseases. In recent years, as research on exosomes in ophthalmic diseases has progressed, their significant role in ophthalmic diseases has been increasingly recognized. This review summarizes current research progress on exosomes in sicca syndrome, glaucoma, age.related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and uveal melanoma, with a focus on their applications as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic delivery vehicles.