Immune Deficiency and Autoinflammation, the " Yin" and " Yang" of the Immune System

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are immune system disorders caused by genetic mutations, often presenting with varying degrees of infection, immune dysregulation, lymphoproliferation, and tumor susceptibility. Initially, IEIs were typically diagnosed in patients with recurrent and unusual infections. However increasing research has shown that noninfectious manifestations can also be the initial or even primary presentation of IEI. Over the past ten years, more and more IEIs associated with autoinflammatory symptoms have been identified. Although these diseases are rare, relevant research suggests that immune deficiency and autoinflammation are not opposing conditions but rather interconnected aspects of the immune system, influencing each other in a complementary and inseparable manner. This article reviews the mechanisms involved in IEI with autoinflammation, and proposes some clues for identifying IEI manifested as autoinflammation. It also summarizes the current progress in the diagnosis and treatment of IEI manifested as autoinflammation, and presents prospects for future research on IEI.